Value Education is a much-debated and discussed subject in the plethora of education in India. Of course, the main purpose of any education will indeed go with a Value orientation. More concentration on Value education has been given at the primary and secondary level of school education than in higher education in India. Values could be effectively imparted to young minds rather than to mature ones. It may be the important reason for this prime importance given at the school level. There are so many modules designed with the help of agencies like NCERT and others for effectively imparting the value of education to the school students. In this context, many innovative educational practices are being identified by experts. A good number of experiments and studies are being conducted in recent days on the effectiveness of teaching value education at the school level. Some schools have very innovative and radical course designs to impart the values.
Effective teaching practices in imparting value education ranges from storytelling, exhibitions, skits, one-act play, and group discussions to various other formats. Educationists have evolved new methods to create an effective learning sphere. The usage of electronic gadgets also gains importance in the teaching-learning practices of value education. But at the higher education level, due to various reasons, the importance given to value education is not as much as it is given at the school level. Therefore, the curriculum and the teaching methods also could be subjected to scrutiny. Colleges are indeed meant for a kind of specialization in some field of education. But in the Indian social context, the youth require direction and counseling at this stage.
They have been exposed to various challenges at this stage which demands the intervention of educationists for his/her betterment. His/her character building also strengthens at this juncture. Students’ perceptions of various life factors and events are getting shaped at this stage. On the whole, they evolve their own philosophy of life. Their sensitivity and knowledge are getting direction at this stage. Hence, an effective value orientation becomes inevitable to the students of colleges. Keeping this requirement in mind, States like Tamilnadu introduced a compulsory paper/course on value education to undergraduate students of all colleges in the State under the choice-based credit system. Though this kind of effort is made with the good intention of imparting values to the youth, many limitations in bringing out the expected outcome could be identified.
The problem mainly begins with the definition of values. Defining the term ‘value’ poses a challenge to all scholars. The term value is loaded with varieties of meanings. Each meaning reflects its own philosophical position. Generally, the term value is spontaneously associated with religious values. Many Indians believe that values are nothing but the religious and spiritual guiding principles of life. Hence, it is supposed that the path is already laid for the life journey. But in the context of modernity and modernism, there rises a fundamental question of whether value education is required at all in a modern state. Some argue that modern life is based on science and technology, and both are value-neutral. They view that the values are bugbear held out by people living in the past, glued to outdated religious principles that have no relevance to the 21st century. At this point, another group of modernists propagates the necessity of value education at learning centers to safeguard the democratic state and its values. The values they wish to cultivate are modern secular values such as honesty, respect for other, equality, collectivity, democracy, respecting human rights, sharing equal space in the public sphere, and so on. These values are considered as the products of the enlightenment period. Hence, four positions could be arrived at based on the above understanding. They are:
1. There are religious values that are essential for everyone and must be included in the curriculum.
2. religious values should not find a place in the educational system. However tHowever, they may operate in the private sphere.
3. There are non-religious secular values, and they must find space in education.
4. There is no need for teaching value education in academics because they cannot be cultivated through formal learning, and such value cultivation will make the individual biased.
In consequence of these positions, the following questions arise.
1. Whether value education should find a place in the educational system?
2. If required, what sort of values should be given preference in the curriculum?
3. What is the importance of being given to the religious values that are primarily developed based on scriptures?
4. Can modern values alone are sufficient enough or is there any possibility of blending the values of modernity with religious values?
5. If religious values are to be given importance in the curriculum, which religion will find a prime place? If there is contradictory propagation on a single virtue by two religions, how will they be handled?
6. Similarly, religions differ in their practices also. Religions differ on their outlook from eating patterns, dress mode, marriage systems, war tactics, killing, and punishments to various other aspects. In this situation, what sort of perceptions need to be taught?
Besides these questions, another billion-dollar question would be raised on the methodology of effectively imparting those values. Then again, as mentioned earlier, the school education can very well include this education easily because the system itself is advantageous for it to accommodate. But at the college level, the system finds it very difficult to work out. So this study could analyze the theoretical problems relating to the identification of values to be included in the curriculum on the one side and the problem of effective designing of the curriculum and imparting those values on the other side.
II
Everyone has felt the necessity for imparting values to students of all levels. The world today is facing unprecedented socio-political and economic challenges. Problems of life are becoming increasingly intense and complex. Traditional values are decentered. ‘An environment of strife pervades all countries, and broken homes have become common. An insatiable hunger for money and power leads most people to tension and absence of peace of mind, and all kinds of physical and mental ailments have become commonplace” 1. In the present day context of frequent and often violent social upheavals, we have to look at the problem of restlessness of the youth, their frustration born out of futility of their search for the meaning of life, and the purpose for which they are living, often leading to evil and wickedness. This calls for a new approach to and a new vision of education. Obviously, the present educational system promotes a rat race and keeps the student community in a sense of insecurity. Educational institutions have become the pressure cookers building pressures in the minds of youth.
Also, a loft-sided educational pattern that insists on instrumental and technical rationality for a successful life in terms of gaining money and power has invaded the educational system of India. The person deemed unfit for this survival race becomes disqualified and ineligible to live in this market economy-based life. The spate of industrialization and economic growth in developed nations has brought about a perceptible change in this scenario. And developing countries, including India, are feeling the ripple effects of this development. As a result, vAs a result, values earlier considered essential by all societies have been eroded and have given way to unethical practices around the globe. Where honesty and integrity were loved and appreciated, greed, corruption, and red-tapism have come in, bringing in their wake unethical responses that have pervaded all walks of life and thwarted a few enlightened individuals to promote the value-based society.
2 Hence, the implementation of well-structured education is the only solution available in all states. With growing divisive forces, narrow parochialism, separatist tendencies on the one hand, and considerable fall in moral, social, ethical, and national values both in personal and public life on the other, the need for promoting effective programs of value orientation in education has assumed great urgency. The development of human values through education is now routinely seen as a task of national importance. Though supposed to be part and parcel of regular education, value education could not be so due to the market influences. Hence, it has become an inevitable need to include an exclusive curriculum for value education at all levels.
